Destructivism

Vier woorden ( grappig,schitterent,weer,nodig)

2009-01-29T03:45:00.000-08:00

01. grappig:

funny, enjoyable.
grap: (naamwoord) joke, fun.
grappen: (Werkwoord) to joke, to be funny.
etimologie: Ik heb werkelijk geen idee waar het vandaan komt, misschen was het woord "grap/grappen" over het "grasp" eens gaan, hmmm, misschen...

02. schitterent:

gorgeous, brilliant.
schitteren: (Werkwoord) to shine, to glitter.
schittering: (naamwoord) shine, glitter.
schijn: (naamwoord) shine, glimmering.
etymologie: Het woord moet van "schijn" komen, i.e. van het Oergermaans *skinanan komen, zoals het Oudhoogduits skinan, Oernoords en Oudfries skina, Engels shine, Duits scheinen, Gotisch skeinan :"to shine, appear"), Uit het Proto-Indo-Europees *skai- .

03. weer: (Bijwoord)

again, back. (nog een keer).
etymologie: Uit het Oudhoogduits widar, ook het Oudsaksisch *withar .

04. nodig:

necessary, needed. (nodig hebben: to need)
etymologie: Uit het Middelnederlands nood, Oudengels nied (West-Saksisch), ned "necessity, compulsion, duty," uit het Oergermaans *nauthis (cf. Oernoors nauðr, OudFries ned, Duits Not, Ijslands not, Gotisch nauþs "need").

Twee Woorden(even en voorstallen )

2009-01-28T02:59:00.000-08:00

01. even: (Bijwoord)

zonder moeite , in korte tijd. (shortly, briefly. 短暂的，简短的。)
etimologie: Ik denk dat het Nederlandse even een cognaat van het Engelse even is, nog dit is in heel wat Germaanse talen terug te vinden, zoals in het Duits (eben), Oernoords en Ijslands (jafn), Gotisch (ibns), Zweeds (även). 'Even' duidt indertijd aan "gelijk" op "niveau-", nu is het nog niet duidelijk welke de pracies definitie van even was.

02. voorstellen: (Werkwoord)

1. een plan voorleggen, het voorleggen van een idee aan iemand. (to propose, to present. 提出，建议。)
Ik dacht eerst dat het niet zoveel voorstelde. — I thought at first that it didn't matter too much.
2. het geven van een beeld van iets
De Egyptische goden werden als mensen met dierenhoofden voorgesteld. — The Egyptian gods were depicted as humans with animal heads.
stellen: (Werkwoord) to position; place; to state, to put forward
etymoligie: I can't do this in Dutch so far, since the root "sta-" is such a difficult stem which has great influence in almost all Indo-European languages. to give a quick sense of its origin, I'll refer to some confered words in English here.

stele: "upright slab," usually inscribed, 1820, from Greek stele "standing block, slab," related to stellein "to set in order, arrange," from PIE *stel-.
systole: "periodic contraction of the heart and arteries," 1578, from Greek systole "contraction," from syn- "together" + stem related to stellein "to put, send".
stall: "place in a stable for animals," Old English steall "place where cattle are kept, place, position," from Proto-Germanic *stallaz ( Old Norse stallr "pedestal for idols, altar," Old Frisian stal, Old High German stall "stand, place, stable, stall," German Stall "stable," Stelle "place"), earlier *stalnaz- or *stathlo-, from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (cf. Greek stellein "to set in order, arrange, equip;" ). The word passed into Romanic languages (cf. It. stallo "place," stalla "stable;" Old French estal "place, position, stand, stall," French étal "butcher's stall"). Several meanings, including that of "a stand for selling" (c.1250, implied in stallage "tax levied for the privilege of erecting a stall at a market or fair"), are from (or influenced by) Old French estal. Meaning "partially enclosed seat in a choir" is attested from c.1400; that of "urinal in a men's room" is from 1967.
Gestalt, from German Gestaltqualität (1890, introduced by German philosopher Christian von Ehrenfels, 1859-1932), from Middle High German gestalt "form, configuration, appearance," abstracted from ungestalt "deformity," noun use of adjactive ungestalt "misshapen," from gestalt, obsolete pp. of stellen "to place, arrange." As a school of psychology, it was founded c.1912.

Nokkur ný orð

2009-01-13T00:54:00.000-08:00

01. þröngur: (lýsingarorð) nerrow, crowded, difficult.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna þröngr.
Samstofna: enska throng; þýska Drang; danska/norska: trang;
Dæmi:

Gangstéttin er þröng.
Hann er þröngur.
Þetta var ansi þröngt.

02. gata: (nafnorð kvenkyn) street; road; path.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna gata.
Samstofna: enska gait; norska: gate; sænska gata; þýska Gasse; danska gade.
Dæmi:

Þessi gata er þröng, gatan heitir Pósthússtræti.

03. torg: (nafnorð hvorugkyn) city square.

Orðsifjafræði: Þetta orð er komið úr slavneskum tъrgъ (trg). Það eru ekki mörg lánsorð í germönske sem eru úr slavneskum málum. Slavneskt mál hafa meiri áhrif á Jiddíska en öðrum. Meðal þessara orða eru: enskt vodka, (úr водка) sem er mjög vel kunnugt; Þýskt Grenze ok hollenskt grens eru úr граница (granica); Enskt quark (kotasæla), þýskt Quark eru sænskt kvark eru af sama stofni og slavneskt twaróg;
Samstofna: finnska tori; sænska torg;
Dæmi:

Geng ég um torg í borg.
Ég bý rétt hjá þessu torgi.
Þetta er mjög fallegt torg og nokkrar fallegar byggingar or kirkjur.

04. Lækjartorg: (brook-square) Lækjartorg er torg í Miðborg Reykjavíkur í Kvosinni sunnan við Reykjavíkurhöfn. Torgið er við gatnamót Bankastrætis, Lækjargötu og Austurstrætis. Við torgið stendur meðal annars Héraðsdómur Reykjavíkur í gamla Landsbankahúsinu.

05. Lækur: (nafnorð karlkyn) brook, stream. (inflection: lækjar: of brook; til dæmi: hérna er tré á lækjar bakka.)

06. þýða: (sagnorð/veik beyging + þolfall) 1. translate(snúa); 2. mean, signify(merkja); 3. be of use(gagna)
Dæmi:

Geturðu þýtt þetta fyrir mig? -- Could you translate this for me?
Hvernig þýðirðu þetta orð? -- How do you translate this word?
Hvað þýðir þetta orð? -- What does this word mean?
Hvað á þetta að þýða? -- What's the meaning of this?
Það þýðir ekkert. -- It is of no use.

07. ekki lengur: no longer, any more.
Dæmi:

Ég er ekki lengur nemandi / kanari / bílstjóri / blaðamatur / sölustjóri / ritari / háskólanemi / leikari / málari / trésmíur / lögfræðingur / leikstjóri / lögreglustjóri / ratvirki ...

08. lengi: long.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna lengi.
Samstofna: Dænska længe; norska lenge; sænska länge; færeyska leingi.

09. stytta: (nafnorð kvenkyn) statue, pillar, help, add.

Orðsifjafræði: dænskt støtte; Middle Low German stutte (support; staff, stick). Þetta komið ekki rétt frá rómönskum tungumálum, i.e. latneskt statuō, en er það mjög skyldt orðunum eins og germönsk stand/stall.
Samstofna: ...

10. stytta: (sagnorð/veik beyging + þolfall) shorten, abbreviate.

Orðsifjafræði: norræna stytta (stynta)/stuttr. (stuttur: lýsingarorð: short)
Samstofni: enska stint; þýska stutzen.

11. ríkisstjórn: (nafnorð kvenkyn) state/national government. Orðið ríkis er eignarfall, (ríki) þýðir "of states, of kingdom. ".

Orðsifjafræði: Orðið ríki er af sama stofni og enska orðið rich, þýska reich, hollenska rijk. (power and wealth), fyrst var fengið að láni úr keltneskum málum, forn-írska rig, og gaulverska -rix.

12. áður: before, previously.

13. fangelsi: (nafnorð karlkyn) prison. fangelsa: (sagnorð + þolfall) imprison; fangi: (nafnorð karlkyn) prisoner; fanga: (sagnorð + þolfall) seize, capture;

Oeðsifjafræði: norræna fanga.
Samstofni: enska fang; þýska fangen; holleska vangen; sænska få; forn-frísneska fā;

Crossroads Café, 4-6

2008-12-10T06:28:00.000-08:00

Worker: Hoe gaat u dit café noemen?
[Worker: What are you going to call this place? ]
Victor: Ik weet het niet. Dat is een ander probleem. Mijn chef neemt net ontslag.
[Victor: I don't know. That is another problem. My chef just quit.]

Woord voor woord:

Worker: How go you this café to-name?
Victor: I know it hot. That is an other problem. My chef takes just resignation.

nemen v. : to take.

Here we got something interesting. there were M.E. nimen and O.E. niman cognate with Dutch nemen (and German nehmen, English nim, numb). But later in Middle age, it was replaced by take. there are two roots in Germanic languages for this reference, 1) nem-, West-Germanic (Danish nemme); 2) taka, North-Germanic (Old Norse/Icelandic: taka/tek; Swed. ta/tag; Goth. tekan; Irish tóg.)

net: adv. : just (nearly); just (recently).
ontslag n. : discharge;

ont- prefix : (non-seperatable)
1)to strip off/away that which is referred to by the stem;
2)to add the connotation that the action referred to by the stem is non-repeatable; i.e., to make the verb which follows become the diametrically opposite of frequentative, as it were.
slag m. (plural slagen, diminutive slagje) : blow, knock; battle; beat, stroke, pulsation.
slag, akin to English "slay" and "slog":
O.E. slean "to smite," also "to kill with a weapon", from P.Gmc. slakhanan, from base "slog- "to hit" (O.Fris. sla, Dan. slaa, Du. slaan, Ger. schlagen, Goth. slahan "to strike"), from PIE base from base slak- "to strike" (cf. M.Ir. pp. slactha "struck," slacc "sword"). Modern Ger. cognate schlagen maintains the original sense of "to strike." Meaning "overwhelm with delight" preserves some of the wider rangeof meanings that the word once had, including also "to strike a spark" (O.E.).
So, this stem is relating to: 1. metal-stuff (hit-stuff); 2. contact; 3. hard;

ontslag nemen: quit, resign. out-field to-take. to retreat? a nice phrase.

Een vrouw solliciteert naar een baan.
A woman applies for a job.

Can't find the word solliciteert/solliciteren in Wiktionary, but it's obviously of Latin origine, relating to the modern Engish solicit, (and solution), meaning request, appeal. ( sollicitare "stir, disturb, later look after", from sollicitus "agitated, anxious, punctilious", literally "thoroughly moved", from sollus "whole, entire" + past participle of ciere "to shake, excite, cite, to put in motion").

naar prep. : to, towards in time, (space, consequence, purpose etc.)
Derived terms: naartoe (toe, to ); ernaar (to it/them); daarnaar (thereto); hiernaar (hereto)
baan m. and f. (plural banen, diminutive baantje)
1. road, way
2. track, lane
3. job, professional occupation
banen v. (baande, past part. gebaand): to make way, clear the road （开路） (Danish: bane c. ; German: Bahn f. ; Norwegian: bane m. )

Een man solliciteert naar een baan. (...)

Crossroads Café, 1-3

2008-12-10T03:22:00.000-08:00

Dialogue

*Victor Brashov de café eigenaar (Victor Brashovthe café owner)

Victor(to the picture of Eva): Dit restaurant was jouw idee, Eva. Hoe wil je het noemen?
[Victor(to the picture of Eva): This restaurant was your idea, Eva. What do you want to call it?

woord voor woord:

Victor(to the picture of Eva): This restaurant was your idea, Eva. How want you it to-name?

note1.1:
there be no such an auxiliary verb "do" in Dutch, English was once the same as Dutch, no auxiliary like do, and no differenciation between present simple and continuous.

e.g. in the KJV Bible:

My son, hear the instruction of thy father, and forsake not the law of thy mother

(Proverbs, chapter 1-8)

note1.2:
the pronouns (Persoonlijke Voornaamwoorden) is a little more involved, three notifications here:

1) familiar and polite forms; (e.g. je vs. u)
2) weak (clitic) and strong forms. (e.g. je vs. jou)
3) Regional variations. (e.g. North vs. South/ Nederlands vs. Flemish)

the possessive pronouns are:

English	Dutch
my	mijn
your	je /[marked] jouw (week/strong)
your [formal]	uw (used as both formal and informal in Flanders)
his	zijn (also "to be")
her	haar (not much used)
its	zijn
our	ons/onze
your	jullie/je (op Nederlands)
their	hun (also can be personal pron. as "ze" ,not much used)

Your: Je / jouw

If want to stress that the object is owned by you, one use jouw instead of je. This is the only possessive pronoun with a marked and un unmarked version.

unmarked	Je wekker heeft ons allemaal wakker gemaakt.	Your alarm clock woke us all up.
marked	Jouw wekker (niet mijn wekker) heeft ons allemaal wakker gemaakt.	Your alarm clock (not my alarm clock) woke us all up.

Cook: U weet niet wat u doet !
[Cook: You don't know what you're doing !]
Victor: Ik weet dat ik het restaurant over twee dagen open.
[Victor: I know (that) I'm opening the restaurant in two days.]

Woord voor woord:

Cook: You know not what you do !
Victor: I know that I the restaurant in two days open.

note2.1:
Here comes the most interesting word order for me so far, though Dutch maintains V2 of Germanic languages, when in a clause like such, the verb of a subclause is always put at the end, as far as I know, it's in the form of such:

a subclause: SUBJECT OBJECT something else VERB.

The basic order of a Dutch main clause is as follows:

subject finite verb time manner place other verbs

note2.2:
doet : 2nd/3rd person singular present of doen (to-do).
singular/plural past: deed/deden;
past participle: hebben gedaan;
present participle: doend, doende (why they look so much like the present participle in Portugês??).

Cook: Zoek een andere kok !
[Cook: Find another cook! ]

Woord voor woord:

Cook: Seek (for) an other cook !

note3.1:
zoeken v. : to seek for, to search for.
seek: From Old English secan, cognate with Proto-Germanic sokjanan, from Proto-Indo-European sag- (track down). Cognate with Old Frisian sēka, Old Saxon sokian (Dutch zoeken), Old High German *suohhan [German *suchen], Old Norse sœkja [Swedish söka]; and with Latin sagire (sense by smell), Old Irish saigim (seek).
(The Old High German consonant shift happened in early medieval led to more allien form of some Germanic-rooted words for other users of west Germanic languages. the sounds of hh, and ch, is much different from k(c), and g. )
note3.2:
I noticed that if a pair of words, in English and Dutch, are cognated to an Old Norse word with the letter ð/þ , in most cases, ð/þ evolves into th in English, and d in Dutch:

Old Norse	English (Old English)	Dutch
þökk(þakka v.) þing þessi þekkja v.	thank (þanc) thing (þing) these/this (þās/þes) think/(þencan)	dank ding deze/dit denken
faðir móðir (um*)-niðr eða/annarr	father(fader) mother(moder) beneath(bīneoþan) other(ōþer)	vader moeder beneden ander

*"bī" in Old English cognate with English "by", and Dutch "bij", representing the second syllable of Proto-Indo-European *ambʰi (“‘around’”) (Latin ambi, Ancient Greek αμφι, Old English ymb(e)).
*ambʰi from Proto-Germanic umbi, from Proto-Indo-European h₂mbʰi (“‘around’”). Cognate with Dutch om, German um, Old Norse um.

I'm still not crazy enough.

2008-12-09T02:11:00.000-08:00

So, I'm going to learn Dutch in real sense.

Voila mon premier cours en ligne sur la, bonne chance pour moi !!!

Leer Nederlands in Crossroads Café

Learn Dutch in Crossroads Café

1. Dit is het verhaal van hard werkende, vastberaden mensen die samenkomen in een klein buurtrestaurant genaamd Crossroads Café,
2. Deze mensen maken langzaam een geslaagd buurtrestaurant.
3. In 26 lessen vertelt Crossroads Café de successen en de mislukkingen, de vreugden en het verdriet,
4. en vooral de leerervaringen van de eigenaar van het café,
5. de mensen die er werken, hun gezinnen, vrienden, bekenden, buren,
6. en de mensen met wie zij moeten samenwerken om succes te hebben in hun werk en hun levens.
7. Het verhaal is soms leuk, soms verdrietig, maar altijd onderhoudend.
8. Crossroads Café is de juiste plaats om Nederlands te leren.
9. Het verhaal maakt deel uit van het Crossroads Café programma om Engels als tweede taal te leren,
10. maar op internet kun je ook Nederlands leren.
11. Wij wensen je een heleboel plezier.
12. Zoek uit wie is wie in dit verhaal.

1. This is the story of hardworking, determined people who come together at a small neighborhood restaurant called Crossroads Café.
2. These people slowly create a successful neighborhood restaurant.
3. In 26 lessons Crossroads Café tells the successes and the failures, the joys and the sadness,
4. and especially the learning experiences of the owner of the café,
5. the people who work in it, their families, friends, acquaintances, neighbors,
6. and the people they must cooperate with to be successful in their work and in their lives.
7. The story is sometimes funny, sometimes sad, but always entertaining.
8. Crossroads Café is the right place to learn Dutch.
9. The story is part of the Crossroads Café program to learn English as a second language,
10. but on the Internet you can also learn Dutch.
11. We wish you a lot of fun.
12. Find out Who's in This Story

Traktaat over de logische filosofie (français, Nederlands)

2008-11-17T14:37:00.000-08:00

Une Traduction Française:

Les aphorismes :

Le monde est tout ce qui est le cas.
Ce qui est le cas, le fait, est l'existence d'états de chose.
L'image logique des faits est la pensée.
La pensée est la proposition pourvue de sens.
La proposition est une fonction de vérité des propositions élémentaires.
La forme générale de la fonction de vérité est : [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. C'est la forme générale de la proposition.
Sur ce dont on ne peut parler, il faut garder le silence.

The world is everything which is the case.
Which is the case, the fact, is the existence of states of things.
The logical image of the facts is the thought.
The thought is the proposition provided with sense.
The proposition is a function of truth of elementary propositions.
The general form of the function of truth is: [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. This is the general form of the proposition.
About what one can't speak, He must keep (guard) the silence.

Voilà la traduction anglaise est de moi, C'est bien amusant. Le français est une langue romane, pas germanique, mais les textes mot-pour-mot entre les deux s'accorde bien dans ce cas ici--meilleur que la traduction entre le néerlandais et l"anglais. Ce ne sont pas des mots mais des situations de mots, alors l’odre des mots dans la phrase.

Le langue parlée par les Français ressemble plus à l'anglais . Pour les 300 années suivant la conquête normande en 1066, les rois de l'Angleterre ne parlaient que le français. Un grand nombre de mots français étaient assimilés dans l'anglais ancien qui perdit beaucoup de ses inflexions pour donner le moyen anglais (Middle English).

Et français moderne est une langue où l'odre des mots, quoique, partiellement libre, c'est peutêtre qussi pourquoi la situation est agréable ici avec des mots français.

Een vertaling in het Nederlands :

(Traktaat over de logische filosofie) De zeven basisuitspraken zijn:

De wereld is alles wat het geval is.
Wat het geval is (een feit) is het bestaan van standen van zaken.
Het logische beeld van de feiten is de gedachte.
De gedachte is een betekenisvolle zin.
De zin is een waarheidsfunctie van elementaire zinnen.
De algemene vorm van een waarheidsfunctie is: . Dit is de algemene vorm van een zin.
Waar men niet over spreken kan, daarover moet men zwijgen.

Grammar-term Glossary:

woord {so}: [en.] word; [de.] Wort; [ja.]言葉( ことば kotoba), 単語 ( たんご,tango); [is.] orð;
uitspraak {sv/sm}: [en.] pronunciation; [de.] Aussprache; [ja.] 发音, 発音(はつおん); [is.] framburður(forth-birth).
lidwoord (member-word){so}: [en.] article; [de.] Artikel; [ja.] 冠詞(かんし, kanshi); [is.] greinir (wings, arms).
bepaald lidwoord--definite article--bestimmte Artikel--定冠詞(ていかんし, teikanshi)--ákveðinn greinir. (bepaald pp. of bepalen {werkwoord} = to determine; paal{mannelijk} = post, pile, pole, stake stimmen {verb} = to tune, to be correct. Stim {Substantiv} = voice. kveða {sagnorð} = to say, to pronunce, to intone.)
onbepaald lidwoord--indefinite article--unbestimmter Artikel-- 不定冠詞(ふていかんし, futeikanshi)--óákveðinn greinir.
zelfstandig naamwoord/substantief {so}: [en.]noun; [de.] Substantiv; [ja.] Japanese: 名詞(めいし,meishí); [is.] nafnorð.
geslacht/genus{so} : [en.] gender ; [ja.] 性 (せいsei) ; [de.] Geschlecht ; [is.] kyn . (geslacht, het pp. van slachten{werkwoord} = slaughter)
mannelijk {so}: [en.] masculine; [de.] maskulin; [ja.] 男性(だんせい, dansei ); [is.] karlkyn .
vrouwelijk {so}: [en.]feminine; [de.] feminin. [ja.] 女性(じょせい, joosei); [is.] kvenkyn.
onzijdig {so}: [en.] neuter; [de.] sächlich ; [ja.] 中性(ちゅうせい, chūsei); [is.]
hvorugkyn. (zijde {sv}= side)
enkelvoud {so}: [en.] singular; [de.] Singular [ja.] 単数形(たんすう-けい, tansū-kei); [is.] eintala. (enkel = only, sole. )
meervoud {so}: [en.] plural; [de.] Plural; [ja.] 複数形(ふくすう-けい, fukusū-kei); [is.] fleirtala. (meer = more, comp. van veel. )
verbuiging {sv}: [en] declension; [de.] Deklination; [ja.] 語形変化(ごけいへんか, gokei hénka), 格変化(かくへんか, kaku hénka); [is.] fallbeyging , beyging (kvenkyn). (verbuigen {werkwoord}: warp/inflect; buigen {werkwoord}: bend/ bow; )
naamval {sm}: [en.] case/namefall^^; [de.] Kasus; [ja] ~格 (~かく, ~kaku); [is.] ~fall.
eerste (1st) naamval/nominatief {sf}: [en.] nominative; [de.] Nominativ; [ja.] 主格(しゅかく, shukaku); [is.] nefnifall.
vierde (4th) naamval/accusatief {sm}: [en.] accusative; [de.] Akkusativ; [ja.] 対格(たいかく, taikakú); [is.] þolfall. (þola {sagnorð}: to endure; þolmynd : passive voice; þol : endurance)
derde (3rd) naamval/ datief {sm}: [en.] dative; [de.] Dativ; [ja.]与格(よかく, yokaku); [is.] þágufall . (þága {sagnorð}: to accept. )
tweede (2nd) naamval/genitief {sm}: [en.] genitive; [de.] Genitiv; [ja.] 属格(ぞっかく, zokkakú), 生格(せいかく, seikakú); [is.] eignarfall. (eign {nafnorð}: property; eignar : of possession[gen.]; )
adjectief {so}: [en.] adjective; [de.] Adjektiv; [ja.] 形容詞の(けいようしの, keiyōshi no); [is.] lýsingarorð. (lýsing{kven./nafn.}: description/Beschreibung; lýsingar : of description)
Voorzetsel {so}: [en.] preposition; [de.] Präposition; [ja.] 前置詞(ぜんちし, zencishi). [is.]forsentning. (zet {so} set, move; zetten {ww}: to set down/ to put down; voorzetten {ww}:to place in front, fore-set. )
bijwoord {so} : [en.]adverb; [de.] Umstandswort; [ja.] 副詞(ふくし,fukushi) ; [is.] atviksorð. (bij {vz}: with, at. Umstand {sm}:cricumstance, an event, "about-stand"; atvik {no}: event, incident; atviks : of event; atviksliður (karlkyn): adverbial.)
spraakkunst/grammatica {sv}: een systeem van regels en principes voor het schrijven en spreken van een taal. (kunnst : art) [de.] Grammatik; [ja.] 文法 (ぶんぽう, bunpō); [is.] málfræði.

Pronoun Glossary:
Dutch demonstrative pronouns

het
1. (3-person sg. onzijdig, subjective): it.
----Het is laat. — It is late.
----Het klopt niet. — It's not right.
2. (3-person sg. onzijdig objective): it.
----Ik doe het later wel. — I'll do it later on.
----Ik hoop het. — I hope so.
----Ik doe het als jij het wilt. — I'll do it if you want me to.
dat (relative): Who, which, that.
----Ik ken een meisje dat dat kan. — I know a girl who can do that.
A preceding comma may alter the meaning of a clause starting with a demonstrative adjective.
"Het boek, dat wit was, gaf ik terug" vs. "Het boek dat wit was, gaf ik terug":
"The book, which was white, (by the way), I returned," vs. "The white book I returned."
dat (conjunction) : that.
Ik zag dat het goed was — I saw that it was well
deze (demonstrative) "de"pronoun referring to a thing or a person, closer by: this, these
deze boom — this tree ;deze vrouw — this woman ;deze vensters — these windows
die (demonstrative) :"de-" pronoun referring to a thing or a person, further away: that, those
die boom — that tree; die vrouw — that woman; die vensters — those windows
die (relative) : Who, which, that.
Ik ken iemand die dat kan. — I know somebody who can do that.
A preceding comma may alter the meaning of a clause starting with a demonstrative adjective. Compare the following sentences:
----Alle arbeiders die staken zullen op sancties moeten rekenen. “All employees that strike will have to count with sanctions.”
----Alle arbeiders, die staken, zullen op sancties moeten rekenen. “All employees, that are striking, will have to count with sanctions.”
In the first sentence, only the striking employees will have to count with sanctions. In the second sentence, it is presupposed that all employees are supporting the strike, and will all suffer under the sanctions.
dit (demonstrative) "het" pronoun referring to a thing or a person, closer by: this
dit huis — this house; dit kind — this child; Wat is dit? — what is this?
zulk (demonstrative, pl. zulke): such
zelfd (demonstrative): the same. When used as an adjective, either definite article may be prepended to zelfde. Specifically, dezelfde is used for masculine and feminine words, while hetzelfde is used for neuter words.

Dutch indefinite pronouns

het (Indefinite pronoun): it
----Het regent alweer. — It's raining again.
----Hoe gaat het? — How are you?
enkele (Indefinite pronoun); a few (alternate form of enkel); some
niets (Indefinite pronoun); nothing

Dutch interrogative pronouns

hoe: how; wiens: whose; welke : what/which; waarom: for-what/why/pourquoi.

Dutch relative pronouns

wie: who: wien: whose; hetgeen : which;

uit {vz} : out of, from; {adj} : out, off, over, finished.
uiten{ww}: to utter, to express .
spraak {sv}: speech
uitspraak {sv}: (pl. uitspaken) sentence; verdict; assertion; pronunciation.
basisuitspaken {sv/pl.}: basic sentences.

De zeven basisuitspraken zijn: The seven basic sentences are:

geval {so}: case (val {so}: fall; vallen{ww}: fall; in ieder geval: in any case.)

1. De wereld is alles wat het geval is. The world is all that the case is.

(het) bestaan {so}: existence
bestaan {ww}: to exist ;
bestaan uit : to consist of ;
staan (class 6 stronh verb): to stand; to be (only in some contexts, use zijn if you're not sure)
zaak {sv} (plural: zaken): (general term with which one indicates a thing or a concept that is not a person) thing, matter.
----Het is voor de gemeente ook een lastige zaak. — For the municipality it is also a cumbersome matter.

2. Wat het geval is (een feit) is het bestaan van standen van zaken. What the case is (a fact) is the existence of things.
3. Het logische beeld van de feiten is de gedachte. The logical picture of the facts is the thought.

teken {so} (plural tekens, diminutive tekentje): sign, signal .
tekenen {ww}: to draw (by pencil). to sign (short for ondertekenen) .
betekenen {ww}: to mean .
betekenis {sm} (plural betekenissen, diminutive betekenisje): meaning .
betekenisvoll {adj}: meaningful.
zin (plural zinnen, diminutive zinnetje): (spaakkunst) sentence; intention; meaning, significance; proposition.
----Wat is de zin van het leven? — What is the meaning of life?
----Dat heeft geen zin. — There's no point.

4. De gedachte is een betekenisvolle zin. The thought is a meaningful proposition.
5. De zin is een waarheidsfunctie van elementaire zinnen. The proposition/sentence is a truth-function of elementary propositions.
6. De algemene vorm van een waarheidsfunctie is: [p, ξ, N(ξ)] . Dit is de algemene vorm van een zin. The general form of a truth-function is : [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. This is the general form of a proposition.

zwijgen {ww}: be silent, shut up; keep silent. (Cognate with German schweigen ‘to be silent’”zwijgen--schweigen)

7. Waar men niet over spreken kan, daarover moet men zwijgen. What on not about speek can, thereof must one keep silent.

Well, no wonder Dutch got the reputation of being a neat language.

Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, Deutsch

2008-11-13T07:19:00.000-08:00

Ludwig proposed 7 Proposition in his Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, which is notorious for its obscurity in denotation, and plainness in sentential structure. The verb: be (sein), and nominative nouns made up most sentences in this little book. Time for wordplay, have fun.

Die Deutsche Vorlage :

Die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist.
Was der Fall ist, die Tatsache, ist das Bestehen von Sachverhalten.
Das logische Bild der Tatsache ist der Gedanke.
Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz.
Der Satz ist eine Wahrheitsfunktion der Elementarsätze.
Die allgemeine Form der Wahrheitsfunktion ist: [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. Dies ist die allgemeine Form des Satzes.
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muß man schweigen.

Articles: 6
* conjugation f = {X1,X2,X3 X1 = nominative(N), accusative(A), dative(D), genitive(G); X2 = singular(S), plural(P); X3 = masculine(M), feminine(F), neuter(N); }

der (definite) the; definite article for several declensions:
1. Nominitive singular masculine. (N,S,M)
2. Genitive singular feminine. (G,S,F)
3. Dative singular feminine. (D,S,F)
4. Genitive plural for all genders. (G,P,MFN)
die (definite, feminine and plural form of der) (NADG,SP,F)
The; Declined form of der.
----die Frau — “the woman”
----die Männer — “the men”
The definite article die is the form of der (‘the’) used with the following types of noun phrases:
1. Nominative singular feminine (N,S,F)
2. Accusative singular feminine .(A,S,F)
3. Nominative plural for all genders. (N,P,MFN)
4. Accusative plural for all genders .(A,P,MFN)
das n. (definite, nominative) the; (Nominative singular neuter of der). (N,S,N)
dem (definite) : the; (Dative singular masculine/neuter of der). (D,S,MN)
den (definite) : the; (Accusative masculine singular of der. Dative plural for all genders of der). (A,S,M) (D,P,MFN)

Prepositions: 6

von : of.

Pronouns : 6

was : (interrogative) what; (relative) what, which, that
der m. (singular, relative) who; that; which (N,S,MF)
die (relative or demonstrative)
1. (in a subordinate clause as a relative pronoun) That; which; who; whom; whose. (NAG,?,?)
2. (as a demonstrative pronoun) This one; that one; these ones; those ones; she; her; it; they; them.(NA?,SP,FN?)
das (relative) who, that, which (In a subordinate clause, indicates a person or thing referenced in the main clause. Used with neuter singular referents). (N,S,N)
dessen (relative) : whose, of which (genitive of der, das). (G,S,MFN)
deren (relative) : whose, of which (genitive of die). (G,?,?)
dem (relative) : Dative singular masculine/neuter of der. (D,S,MN)
denen (relative) : whom (dative plural of der, die, das) (D,P,MFN)
den (relative) that; whom; (Accusative singular of der) (A,S,MN)
wovon : (relative) of which (referring to the whole clause). (G,S,N)
man : (indefinite) one, they (indefinite third person singular pronoun) (N,S,MFN?)
was man sehen kann — what one can see

ist {v} : is. sein be, (ich bin; du bist; er/sie/es ist; wir sind; ihr seid; Sie/sie sind. )
Fall {sm} (gen. sg. {das} Falls/Falles; nom.pl. {die} Fälle) : (linguistic) case. (From Old High German val.) [语]格.
Sache {sf} (gen. sg. {der} Sache; nom.pl.{die} Sachen) : affair; thing, object; cause, action; subject, matter.
Tat {sf} (gen.sg. {der} Tat, nom.pl. {die} Taten) : deed, act. 行为, 实际情况, 行动
Tatsache {sf} (gen.sg.{der} Tatsache, nom.pl.{die} Tatsachen) : fact, deed, truth (an honest observation) 事实. 真相. 实际情况.
Verhalten {sn} (gen.sg.{des}Verhaltens; nom.pl.{die} Verhalten) : attitude, behavor, deportment. 态度. 行为. 举动. 表现.
Sachverhalt {sm}:(gen.sg.{--}Sachverhalt(e)s; nom.pl. {die}Sachverhalte) an atomic state of affairs (Elementary State of Affairs). 主题，实情，事实
Bestehen {sn} insistence, existence. 坚持. 持续.存在. 举止.

Here, time for me to knock down the first sentence,

Was der Fall ist, die Tatsache, ist das Bestehen von Sachverhalten.

stem for word:

What the case is, the deed-matter, is the existence(insistence) of matter-behavors.

What the case is, the fact, is the existence(insistence) of elementary-states-of-affairs.

I think, when in the stem-word one, the sentence seems making more sense, but after treated into the word-words one, the situation justifies the detesting of philosophy among public. For me, it seems impossible to maintain the sense in the German sentence, without reconstructing some of the words. In more cases, people tend to use extra description to adjust, but according to Witt, it just put greater rist of being misunderstood into a sentence.

dd

Welt {sf} (gen.sg. {der} Welt; nom.pl. {die}Welten) : world. 世界.
aller m., alles n., alle f., alle (pl.). 不定代词。所有的。大家。全部。
(indefinite) in singular without a noun (usually alles): everything
(indefinite) in singular with a noun: all (the) (+ sg. noun)
(indefinite) in plural without a noun: everybody, everyone
(indefinite) in plural with a noun: all (the) (+ pl. noun)

2. Die Welt ist alles, was der Fall ist.

The world is everything, that the case is.

Bild {sn} (gen.sg.{des} Bildes; nom.pl.{die} Bilder) : picture, (computing) image.
Gedanke {sm} (gen.sg.{des} Gedankens; nom.pl. {die} Gedanken) : thought, isea, notion, mind.
logisch {adj} : consequential , logical; reasoned (only used before noun ) . (logische + definite singular nominative noun. i.e. logische + der / die sg. / das / eine / keine / meine + noun.)

3. Das logische Bild der Tatsache ist der Gedanke.
The logical image of the fact is the thought(mind).

sinnvoll {adj} meaningful, useful, sensible,
Sinn {sm} (gen.sg.{des} Sinn(e)s; nom.pl. {die} Sinne) sense, meaning.
voll {adj} full, stuffed ; (familiar) really, bloody. From Old High German foll.
Satz {sm} (gen.sg. {des} Satzes; nom.pl. {die} Sätze), sentence; proposition; (mathematics) theorem, set. (From Old High German sezzen, cognate with English set and Dutch zetten.)

4.Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz.

The thought is the meaningful(sensable) proposition.

Wahrheit {sf} (gen.sg.{der} Wahrheit; nom.pl. {die} Wahrheiten) : truth, trueness, verity .
Funktion {sf} (gen.sg.{der} Funktion; nom.pl. {die} Funktionen) : function.
Wahrheitsfunktion {sf} : turth-function.
elementar {adj} : elementary, rudimental.

5.Der Satz ist eine Wahrheitsfunktion der Elementarsätze.

The proposition is the truth-fonction of the elementary-propositions

allgemein {adj} : general, common, basic, usual.

6. Die allgemeine Form der Wahrheitsfunktion ist: [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. Dies ist die allgemeine Form des Satzes.

The general form of the truth-function is: [p, ξ, N(ξ)]. Which is the general form of the proposition.

sprechen {v} (strong, 3-person sg. simple present spricht, past tense sprach, auxiliary haben, past participle gesprochen)
1. (transitive) to speak (some language, the truth, etc.)
2. (transitive) to say (something)
können {v} (strong, 3-person sg. simple present kann, past tense konnte, auxiliary haben, past participle können or gekonnt)
(auxiliary, with an infinitive, past participle: können) To be able (to do something); can.
----Kannst du ihm helfen? — Are you able to help him?
----Ich hätte das machen können. — I could have done that.
(auxiliary, with an infinitive, past participle: können) To be allowed (to do something); to be permitted (to do something); may.
----Kann ich mitkommen? — May I come along?
----Er hat nicht ins Kino gehen können. — He was not allowed to go to the cinema.
(transitive, past participle: gekonnt) To know how to do (something); to know; to understand; to be able to do (something); to be capable of; can do (something).
----Ich kann Deutch und Englisch. — I know German and English.
----Kannst du es? — Can you do it?
----Das hätte ich nicht gekonnt. — I couldn’t have done that. or I wouldn’t have been capable of that.
(intransitive, past participle: gekonnt) To be able to do something implied; can.
----Nein, ich kann nicht. — “No, I can’t.”
----Er hat gekonnt. — “He was able to [do it].”
darüber {adv}: across; over; beyond.
müssen {v} (strong, 3-person sg. simple present muss, past tense musste, auxiliary haben, past participle müssen or gemusst)
(auxiliary, with an infinitive, past participle: müssen) to have to (do something); must; to be obliged (to do something); to need (to do something).
----Wir müssen es machen. — “We must do it.”
----Wir müssen es nicht machen. — “We need not do it.” or “We do not need to do it.”
----Ich habe es tun müssen. — “I had to do it.”
(intransitive, past participle: gemusst) to have to do something implied; must; to be obliged.
----Ja, ich muss. — “Yes, I must.”

Before 1996, several of the conjugated forms of müssen were spelled with an ß (that is, muß, mußte, müßte, etc.). Since the German Spelling Reform of 1996, however, the correct spelling is with ss.

schweigen (strong, 3-person sg. simple present schweigt, past tense schwieg, auxiliary haben, past participle geschwiegen)
1. (intransitive) to be silent; to keep quiet
----über etwas schweigen — to be silent about something
2. (intransitive) to stop talking; to shut up

7. Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muß man schweigen.

Ogden's translation: Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.

I found the definite pronouns are translated into infinite ones in a standard English version. Won't it lead to any trouble in transfering the original meaning?

Fracassant | Une page Web

2008-11-12T06:36:00.000-08:00

This is really a sick way of learning French......

the original page: (click here) Radio France

The words I learned from this single page:

dthématique, dactualité, dactuel, dvivace, dse passer, dfréquence, dmédiateur, dkiosque, dcahier, dreportage, ddiaporama, dautour de, dtélécharger, dAnaïs, dinscrire, dtirage au sort, dtémoignage, dlitige.
(18d oh yeh Öö ÖöÖöOOo)

mercredi 12 novembre MENU>

[ I learned 3 words here:

4 thématique féminin nom : Ensemble de thèmes. (Topics)

4 actualité féminin nom : Les actualités se référent aux évènements se produisant dans les jours présents. (News)

8 actuel Adjectif : Qui est présent, qui a lieu, ou qui a cours, qui est usité dans le moment présent. ( Anglais : present-day , present , up-to-date , fashionable , topical ; )
Le moment actuel.
La saison actuelle.
L’état actuel.
Les mœurs actuelles.
La monnaie actuelle.
Le langage actuel.

Nos Sites:

=France Vivace Sophia = choeurs et concerts de Radio France =Podcast =Radio France Sport

= Ca se passe à Radio France = Radio France, l'entreprise = Programmes = Services = Fréquences

[ I learned 3 words here:

vivace Adjectif :Qui a une grande vitalité. (Figuré) Ce qui est de longue durée ou difficile à détruire. ( vivacious )

se passer intransitif : Arriver, avoir lieu. ( to take place, to happen )

Ce qui s’est passé avant nous.
Ce qui se passera après nous.
Depuis votre départ, il s’est passé bien des choses, bien des événements.
Que s’est-il passé à la séance ?
Comment s’est passé votre entretien ?
Comment s’est passé votre voyage ?

fréquence feminin : I guess this means Hz.

Sidebar

[ I got 1 question, and learned 3 words here.
Podcast
Aide
Comment nous écouter ? ( ? Je ne sais pas pouquoi est "écouter", mais pas "écoutons"...)
Contact
Médiateur (Médiateur, A mediator. Or, if this were a Chinese site, the phrase "我要投诉" should be placed here.)
RF Emploi
Le Kiosque (Kiosque, kiosk, This word came from Turkish köşk pavillion, from Persian کوشک palace.)
Editions Radio France
Les Cahiers Multimédias (Cahier , Notebook or folder. )
Web Radio du Goût (about food and eating.)
Web Radio du Livre (about books.)

A LA UNE DU SITE

[ I learned 9 words here, and got 3 questions.
> SUR LE SITE
Le mois de la Photo sur France Culture
Reportages et diaporamas sonores autour de l'événement et de certaines expositions.

The French Culture Month. 法国文化影像月
Reportage m. : the reporting of news, especially by an eyewitness.
diaporama m. : a slideshow.
autour de Preposition : around, about.

Concerts de Radio France 2008-2009
Téléchargez la saison des concerts : calendrier, programme, bulletin d'abonnement.

Télécharger verbe : Download, or upload. ( télé- distance + charger to charge, to load )

Mouv'session Anaïs
Pour assister à cette Mouv'session et mini concert jeudi à 15h, inscrivez-vous vite (tirage au sort).

? Mouv'session, c'est quoi...?
Anaïs Proper noun : A female given name, said to be a variant of Anne.
inscrire verb : To inscribe, to sign up.
Tirage au sort, Action de "tirer au sort", To draw, drag, pull .

>A L'ANTENNE
Demain, la guerre sur France Culture
La guerre hier, demain et après-demain. Et aussi les témoignages et visions d'artistes.

témoignage masculin : testimony.

Le Droit d'Info
Du simple litige aux droits des victimes : les réponses à vos interrogations.

litige masculin : a contestation, a quarrel, a argument.

Festival les Inrocks sur France Inter
En direct de l'Olympia pour Les concerts de Coming Soon, Fleet Foxes, Alela Diane et MGMT.

? Je ne comprend rien de celui-ci. T____T Inrock, c'est quoi... France Inter, peut-être signifiant quelque chose autour de FOOTBALL, mais, Festival les Inrocks ... ça me dit quoi ?

Old Norse Homework 4.

2008-11-11T16:47:00.000-08:00

1. Exercises

1.1 Translate the phrases into English

Svartr gefr Kormáki fiska. Þá er Kormákr glaðr. ----> Svart gives Kormák a fish. Then Kormák is glad.
Menninir foera þeim góðan mat. ----> The men bring them good food.
"Vit foerum góðum manni ost." ----> We two bring some cheese to a good man.
Svartr spyrr, "Hví gefr þú mér eigi ost, Kormákr?" ----> Svart asks , "Why don't you give some cheese to me, Kormák ? "
Kormákr svarar, "Ek gef þér eigi ost, því at ek hefi hann eigi." ----> Kormák answers, "I don't give you any cheese, because I don' have any of it. "
Kormákr etr allan ostinn en gefr Svarti hann eigi. ----> Kormák eats all the cheese but doesn't give any of it to Svart.
Konungrinn foerir Norðmönnunum knífa ok geira. ----> The King brings knives and spears to the Norwegians.
Þá gefa Norðmenninir hánum langan bát ok gylltan baug. ----> Then the Norwegians give him a long boat and a golden ring.
Maðrinn gefr hánum hatt góðan. ----> The man gives him a good hat.

1.2 Translate the phrases into Old Norse

Then they give a golden ring to an evil king. ----> Þá þeir gefa illum konungi bylltan baug.
The dwarves bring the king a golden ring. ----> Dvergarnir foera konunginum bylltan baug.
The king says "You are good dwarves." ----> Konungrinn segir, "Þér eruð góðir dverga. "
The king takes the ring and gives the dwarves a big cheese. ----> Konungrinn tekr bauginn ok gefr dvergunum stóran ost.
The dwarves don't want any cheese, but they take it and go. ----> Dvergarnir vilja eigi ost, en þeir taka hann ok fara.
"Why do I give them cheese which they don't eat?" King Olaf asks the ghost. ----> "Hví gef ek þeim ost er þeir eta eigi ?" spyrr Óláfr konungr drauginn.
The ghost replies "Olaf, you're a good man. But do not give cheese to dwarves." ----> Draugrinn svarar, "Óláfr, þú ert maðr góðr. En gef eigid vergum ost."

1.3 Translate the text into English

Óláfr gefr Svarti hatt, kníf ok hest góðan. Hann segir, "Far þú nú, Svartr, ok finn bauginn er dvergarnir Fjalarr ok Gandálfr hafa." Svartr svarar, "En Óláfr, hví gefr þú mér eigi mat? Ek em svangr ok vil mat eta."Óláfr gefr hánum ost, graut, ok fisk ok segir, "Hér hefir þú mat. Far nú ok finn bauginn."
Svartr etr matinn er Óláfr gefr hánum. Hann segir, "grautrinn er þú gefr mér er góðr, Óláfr. Þú ert góðr konungr."
Svartr ferr nú ok finnr dvergana er hafa bauginn. Hann segir, "Dvergar, gefið mér bauginn. Óláfr konungr vill hann." Dvergarnir svara, "Vit viljum eigi gefa Óláfi konungi bauginn. Hann er illr konungr." Svartr er reiðr ok segir, "Gefið mér bauginn eða ek veg ykkr!" Dvergarnir eru eigi hræddir. Þeir hlæja ok Fjalarr segir, "Þú ert ragr maðr, Svartr. Þú vegr okkr Gandálf eigi. Vit gefum ykkr Óláfi eigi bauginn, ok far þú nú!" Svartr hefir eigi brand. Hann hefir kníf, en knífrinn er eigi stórr. Hann vegr eigi dvergana ok foerir Óláfi eigi bauginn.

Olaf gives a hat, a knife and a good horse to Svart. He says, "Now go, and find the ring which the dwarves Fjalar and Gandálf have." Svart answers, "But Óláf, why you don't give me some food ? I am hungery and I want to eat some food. " Óláf gives him some cheese, some porridge, and some fish and says, "Here you have some food. Now go and find the ring."

Svart eats food that Óláf gives to him. He says, "The porridge that you give to me is good, Óláf. You are a good king."
Svart goes now and finds the dwarves who have the ring. He says, "Dwarves, give me the ring. King Óláf wants it. " The dwarves answer, "We two don't want to give the ring to King Óláf. He is a bad king." Svart is angry and says, "Give me the ring or I will slay both of you." The dwarves are not scared. They laugh and Fjalar says, "You are a cowardly man, Svart. You don't kill Gandáls and me. We two don't give the ring to you and Óláf. and you leave now! " Svart doesn't have a sword. He have a knife, but the knife is not big. He won't kill the dwarves and won't bring Óláf the ring.
1.4 Translate the text into Old Norse

Eric, a thief, sees some men eat. They eat good porridge, many fish, and a big
cheese. Eric wants the food, for he is hungry. He says "Hail, I am hungry. Will
you (use "þér") give some good food to a hungry man?" They reply "Take some
food. We give it to you. But the elves are hungry too. Take some porridge and
give it to them. Eric finds some elves. He brings hungry elves food, for he is a
good man.

Ericr, þjófr, sér menn eta. Þeir eta graut góðan, marga fiska, ok stóran ost. Ericr vill matinn, hví at svangr er hann. Hann segir, "Hailir, ek em svangr. Hvárt gefir þér góðan mat svöngum manni ? "Þeir svara "Tak þú mat. Vér gefum þér hann. En álfarnir erum ok svangir. Tak graud ok gef þeim hann. Ericr finnr álfa. Hann foerir svöngum álfum mat, hví at er góðr maðr hann. "

Nom 1. Genre

2008-11-07T00:23:00.000-08:00

Gender of the Nouns (Genre des Noms)

The nouns in French are either of masculine or of feminine gender.
Nouns that refer to males are masculine and those that refer to females are feminine

.......Masculine....................................................Feminine
01) homme man..................................................famme woman

homme: From Latin homō, (third declension) nominative singular: homō. plural: hominēs. Compare Italian uomo, Portuguese homem, Sardinian ómine, Spanish hombre.

famme: From Latin femina (first declention). nominative singular: femina. plural: feminae.It's synonym in Latin mulier descends: Italian moglie(wife), Spanish mujer, Portuguese mulher.

02) père father......................................................mère mother

père: from L. patrem (nom. pater). Italian: padre; Portuguese: pai; Spanish: padre.

mère: From Latin matrem (nom. mater), Italian: madre; Portuguese: madre, mãe; Spanish: madre.

03) fils son..............................................................fille daughter, girl

fils: From Latin filius (son) , Italian: figlio; Portuguese: filho; Spanish: hijo.

fille: From Latin filia (daughter). Italian: figlia; Portuguese: filha; Spanish: hija.

04) frère brother...................................................sœur sister

frère: FromLatin: frater; Italian: fratello; From Latin germanus descends Portuguese: irmão; Spanish: hermano.

sœur: From Latin : soror. Italian: sorella; From Latin germanus descends Portuguese: irmã; Spanish: hermana.

05) onlcle uncle.....................................................tante aunt
06) neveu nephew.................................................nièce niece
07) cousin cousin (he)..........................................cousine cousin (she)
08) roi king..............................................................reine queen
09) serviteur servent...........................................servante maid
... ...
10) bouc goat (he)..................................................chèvre goat (she)
11) bélier ram.........................................................brebis sheep
12) bœuf bull...........................................................vache cow
13) canard drake...................................................cane duck
14) cerf buck............................................................biche doe
15) cheval horse.....................................................jument mare
16) coq cock ............................................................poule hen
17) dindon turkey cock........................................dinde turkey
18) jars gander........................................................oie goose
19) lièvre hare........................................................hase doe
20) mulet mule (he) .............................................mule mule (she)
21) perroquet parrot (he) ..................................perruche parrot (she)
22) porc boar..........................................................truie female swine
23) poulain foal.....................................................pouliche young mare
24) sanglier wild boar (he) .................................laie wild boar (she)
25) singe ape..........................................................guenon ape (she)
26) veau calf (he) ..................................................génisse calf (she)

For the nouns that denote inanimate objects gender seems randomly assigned and it is to be memotized.
Sometimes the gender may be recognized by the suffixes.
1. Nouns ending in -age, -ier, -ion (but not -tion, or -sion), -ment, -oir etc. are masculine:

voyage .................. voyage, (ATTENTION here, ending -e but in masculine)
encrier ................. ink pot,
avion ..................... aricraft ,
bâtiment ............. building,
miroir ................... mirror,

2. Nouns ending in -ade, -aison, -tion (-sion), -ance (-ence), -erie, -ise, -tude, -té, -(t)ure, -ale (-ole), -aix (-oix), -oire etc. are feminine:

marmelade ......................................... jam,
maison .................................................. house, (ATTENTION, not ending -e, but in feminine)
nation ................................................... nation,
vision .................................................... vision,
substance ............................................ substance,
essence ................................................. fuel,
boulangerie ........................................ baker,
bêtise ..................................................... nonsence,
cité .......................................................... city,
altitude ................................................. height,
nature .................................................... nature,
paix ......................................................... peace, (ATTENTION, not ending -e, but in feminine)
voix .......................................................... voice,
gloire ....................................................... glory.

Derivation of the feminine (La dérivation du féminin)

Usually feminine is derived from masculine by adding a mute -e: note that in these cases the mute final consonants of the masculine forms become pronounceable, cf.:

Masculine.................................................................................Feminine
ami friend ..................................................................................amie friend
avocat advocate ........................................................................avocate advocate
candidat candidate ....................................................................condidate candidate
correspondant correspondent .................................................correspondante correspondent

There occur some orthographic and phonetic changes:
1. Termination Change

masculine.......feminine.........................................masculine.............................feminine
-p ....................... -ve ................................................... loup wolf ............................. louve
-f ........................ -ve ................................................... veuf widow .......................... veuve
-x ....................... -se ................................................... époux spouse ..................... épouse
-el ..................... -elle ................................................. colonel colonel .................. colonelle
-er ..................... -ère ................................................. berger shepherd ................ bergère
-n ...................... -nne ................................................. lion lion ............................... lionne

Feminine can be derived through suffixation:
2. Suffix Change

masculine....feminine....................................masculine........................feminine
[noun] ........... +esse ........................................ maître master.................. maîtresse
-eur ............... -eresse ...................................... pécheur sinner ............... pécheresse
-eau ............... -elle .......................................... chameau he-chamel ....... chamelle
-eur ............... -euse ......................................... serveur waiter ................. serveuse
-teur ............. -trice ......................................... directeur director ........... directrice
-deur ............ -drice ........................................ ambassadeur .................. ambassadrice

Genders of the nouns of Greek Origine (Genre des noms d'origine Grecque)

The nouns of Greek origine tend to perserve the gender they have in Greek (the nouns of neuter gender being classified as masculine.) thus:

The nouns suffixed by -me, -at and -ète are masculine, cf.:

thème ............................................................................................. theme, topic;
telegramme .................................................................................. depeche;
climat ............................................................................................. climate;
poète ................................................................................................ poet,
prophète ......................................................................................... prophet,
comète ............................................................................................. comet etc.

The nouns suffixed by -se, -èse are feminine:

crise .................................................................................................. crisis,
hypothèse ....................................................................................... hyphothesis,
synthèse .......................................................................................... synthesis,
thèse ................................................................................................. thesis etc.

The separate treating of the Greek words was inherited from the Classical Latin where they had a declination pattern of their own.

Nouns of common gender (Noms de genre commun)

These are nouns with one form for both genders. Here are included:
1. All the nouns suffixed by -iste, cf.:

artiste ............................................................................................... artist;
journaliste ...................................................................................... journalist;
pianiste ............................................................................................ pianist;
touriste ............................................................................................ tourist etc.

2. Some other nouns, like:

camarade ........................................................................................ comrade;
compatriote ................................................................................... compatriot;
hérétique ......................................................................................... heretic;
indigène ........................................................................................... indigen;
interprète ........................................................................................ interprete;
patriotre .......................................................................................... patriot etc.

Nouns of epicene gender (Noms de genre épicène )

These are nouns having but one form to indicate either sex. The natural sex is indicated by the adjectives mâle male and femelle female:

la souris (mâle / femelle) ........................................................................... mouse
la cigogne (mâle / femelle) ........................................................................ stork
la grinouille (mâle / femelle) .................................................................... toad
le serpent (mâle / femelle) ......................................................................... snake
le rossignol (mâle / femelle) ...................................................................... nightingale
le canari (mâle / femelle) ............................................................................ canary.

Nouns of both genders (Noms de genre ambigu)

A few nouns may be either masculine or feminine:

Word ...................................... Usage in masculine ..................... Usage in feminine
amour love, love affair....... un amour passager ..................... les amours secrètes de Jean
après-midi afternoon ...... indifferently ................................. indifferently
merci mercy ........................ in the expressions of politness .. in the expression: à la merci de
orgue organ (instrument).. un orgue portatif .......................... les grandes orgues d'une cathédrale
perce-neige snowdrop .... indifferently .................................. indifferently
chose thing .......................... autre chose ................................... in all the other cases.
.................................................. grand-chose
.................................................. peu de chose
.................................................. quelque chose
gens (pl.) people ................. gens + adjective ........................... adjective + gens
................................................. des gens inquiets .......................... tous ces braves gens si hospitaliers
........................................................................................................... toutes ces vieilles gens si hospitaliers
œuvre work ........................ in the expressions ......................... in all the other cases
................................................. le gros œuvre
................................................. le grand œuvre

Some of these nouns may change their meaning:

Word .............. Meaning in masculine ...................................... Meaning in feminine
aide ................. assistant ............................................................. aid
aigle ................ male eagle; eagle-bearing insignia .................. female eagle; eagle-bearing standard
couple ............ couple .................................................................. pair
crêpe .............. crepe, crape ........................................................ pancake
critique .......... critic ..................................................................... critique
foudre ............ tun ........................................................................ thunderbolt
garde .............. guardian, custodian ............................................ guard, custody
guide .............. chieftain; guide (manual) ................................... rein, bridle
hymne ........... national anthem ................................................... religious song
livre ............... book ....................................................................... pound
manche .......... handle, grip, knob ............................................... sleeve
mémoire ........ scientifical article ................................................ memory
mode .............. mode, manner ..................................................... fashon
moule ............. mold ...................................................................... shell
office .............. church service ...................................................... pantry
paillasse ......... jester ..................................................................... mattress of straw
page ................ page (young servant) ......................................... page (book leaf)
Pâque ............. the Jewish Passover ........................................... (pl.) Easter
poêle ............... oven ...................................................................... frying pan
pendule .......... pendulum ............................................................. clock
personne ........ person ................................................................... (indef. pron.) nobody
poste ............... administrative position ...................................... mail (station)
physique ........ physique (bodily makeup) ................................. physics (science)
platine ............ platinum ................................................................ flat part
politique ......... politician ................................................................ politics
solde ............... merchandise of reduces price ............................. soldier salary
somme ............ sleep ....................................................................... sum
statuaire ......... sculptor .................................................................. plastic art
tour ................. lap, tour .................................................................. tower
vague .............. vaguenes ................................................................. wave
vapeur ............ steamer ................................................................... steam, vapor
voile ................ veil ............................................................................ sail

Old Norse Homework 3.

2008-11-06T02:13:00.000-08:00

1. Exercises

1.1 Translate the sentences into English

Ragir menn sjá reiðan úlf koma. ---->> Cowardly men see an angry wolf coming.
"Ek sé svangan mann taka ost." ---->> I see a hungry man taking some cheese.
"Hvárt sér þú íslenzka menn koma?" ---->> Do you see some Icelandic men coming?
Maðrinn er oft hræddr. ---->> The man is aften scared.
Illir menn vilja vega góða menn. ---->> Evil men want to kill good men.
Allir vilja bátinn taka því at Óláfr á hann. ---->> All (people) want to take the boat because Óláfr owns it.
Íslendingar eru eigi menn ragir. Þeir eru ok góðir en eigi illir. ---->> Icelanders are not cowardly men. They are also good but not evil.
Maðrinn veiðir fisk ok etr hann brátt allan. ---->> The man catches a fish and soon eats it all .

1.2 Translate the phrases into Old Norse

"Do you two eat the whole cheese?" ---->> Hvárt etið þit ostinn allan?
"We see hungry wolves chase the man." ---->> Vér sjám svanga úlfa elta manninn.
"The ravens want to eat all of him, for they are very hungry." ---->> Hrafnarnir vilja eta hann allan, því at þeir eru mjök svangir.
King Olaf sees the thieves take the boat. ---->> Óláfr konungr sér þjófana taka bátinn.
"I see many thieves! I want to kill them all!" ---->> Ek sé marga þjófa, ek vil vega þá alla.
Olaf wants to kill the thieves, but they see him coming. ---->> Óláfr vill vega þjófana, en sjá hann koma þeir.
As the thieves hear Olaf speak, they all flee. The king chases them. ---->> Er þjófarnir heyra Óláf mæla, flýja þeir allir. Konungrinn eltr þá.
"Many a thief wants to take the boat." ---->> Margr þjófr vill taka bátinn.

1.3 Translate the texts into English

Illr draugr vill vega Óláf konung. Hann eltir konunginn ok er hann sér hann, kallar draugrinn, "Óláfr, þú ert maðr illr mjök ok ragr. Ek hata þik, því at þú vegr góða menn." Óláfr er hræddr ok flýr.

---->> An evil ghost want to kill King Olaf. He follows the king and when he sees him, the ghost shouts: "Olafr, you are a very evil and cowardly man. I hate you, because you kill good men." Olafr is scared and flees.

Svartr heitir danskr maðr. Hann veiðir oft fiska ok etr þá því at fiskar eru matr góðr. Svartr ferr ok veiðir marga stóra fiska er hann vill eta. Er Svartr veiðir fiskana, kømr maðr. Er maðrinn sér Svart veiða fiskana, segir hann, "Heill, ek heiti Kormákr." Svartr heyrir Kormák mæla ok svarar, "Heill. Svartr heiti ek ok em danskr maðr." Kormákr spyrr Svart, "Hvárt veiðir þú fiska, Svartr?" "Marga stóra fiska veiði ek, því at þeir eru góðr matr." Kormákr segir, "Ostr er ok góðr matr, Svartr. Ek hefi hér ost góðan. Hvárt vilt þú ost eta?" "- Ek vil fisk ok ost eta, því at ostr er ok góðr matr. Hvárt vilt þú fisk eta, Kormákr?" "- Fiskr er góðr," svarar Kormákr ok tekr fisk. Svartr tekr ok ost ok etr. Menninir eru mjök svangir. Þeir eta nú alla fiskana ok allan ostinn, ok eru brátt glaðir menn en eigi svangir.

---->> A Danish man is called Svart. He often catches fish and eats them because fish are good food. Svart goes and catches many big fish that he wants to eat. As Svart catches the fish, a man comes. When the man sees Svart catching the fish, he says,"Heill , I'm called Kormák."Svart hears Kormák speak and replies, "Hello. I´m called Svart and I'm a danish man." Kormák asks Svart, "Are you catching fish, Svart?" "I catch many big fish, as they are nice food." Kormák says, "Cheese is also good food, I have some good cheese here, do you want to eat cheese?" "I want to eat fish and cheese, because cheese is also nice food. Do you want fish to eat, Kormák?" "Fish is good." Kormál replies and takes some fish. Svart takes some cheese and eats, too. The men are very hungry, Now they eat all the fish and all the cheese, and are soon happy men but not hungry ones.
1.4 Translate the text into Old Norse

A worm sees a wolf coming. When it sees the wolf, it says, "Sss - wolf, why do you come? I own the fish here, which you want to take." The wolf is not scared and replies, "hail worm, I'm a hungry wolf now and I want to eat fish. You have much fish (many fishes) there, which you aren't eating (don't eat)." The worm is angry and says, "I own all the fish there, wolf. Wolves who eat the fish all die (deyja allir)!" Now the wolf is scared, because an evil worm wants to kill it. "- You are an evil worm! You fish (hunt) much fish but do not eat it (them) all. We wolves are very hungry and don't have fish. We also want to eat fish, worm!" The worm sees the wolf flee. The wolf is very angry and shouts, "I hate evil worms!" But the worm does not chase the wolf, for it is happy but not angry.

---->> Ormr sér úlf koma. Er ormrinn sér úlfinn, hann segir, "Sss, úlfr, hví kømr þú? Ek á fiskana hér, er þú vilt taka." Úlfrinn er eigi hræddr ok svarar, "Heil ormr, nú em ek svangr úlfr ok vil eta fisk. Þú hefir þar marga fiska, er etr eigi þú " Ormrinn er reiðr ok segir, " Ek á fiskana alla þar, úlfr. Úlfa er eta fiskana deyja allir." Nú er úlfrinn hræddr, því at ormrinn illr vill hann vega. "Þú ert illr ormr, þú veiðir marga fiska en etr þá eigi alla. Vér úlfar erum mjök svangir ok höfum eigi fiska. Vér viljum ok eta fiska. Ormr!" Ormrinn sér úlfinn flýja. Úlfrinn er mjök reiðr ok kallar, "Ek hata ormar illa! " En ormrinn eltir eigi úlfinn, því at hann er glaðr en eigi reiðr.

2. Looking at real texts

2.1 A strophe from Völuspá

In Old Icelandic spelling:

" Sér hon upp koma
öðru sinni
jörð ór ægi
iðjagroena;
falla forsar,
flýgr örn yfir,
sá er á fjalli
fiska veiðir. "

In the main manuscript of Völuspá, Codex Regius:

" Ser hon upp koma avðro siNi iord or ęgi iþia grǫna. falla
forsar flygr avrn yfir sa er afialli fisca ueiðir. "

The manuscript doesn't distinguish between short and long vowels.
It sometimes uses capitals for double consonants.
It does not differentiate between i and j.
It does not differentiate between u and v.
It uses c for k.
The grammatical ending 'u' is written 'o'.
It does not split the poem into lines.
It uses capitalisation and punctuation in a way different from ours.
It divides words in a way different from ours.
It writes 'ð' as 'þ', 'd' or 'ð'.
It uses 'av' for 'ö'.

The same strophe respelled into modern Icelandic:

" Sér hún upp koma
öðru sinni
jörð úr ægi
iðjagræna;
falla fossar,
flýgur örn yfir,
sá er á fjalli
fiska veiðir. "

the ending 'r' has changed to 'ur'.

Old Norse Homework 2.

2008-11-04T12:33:00.000-08:00

1. Exercises

1.1 Translate the phrases into English

a) Sjá jarlarnir konungana. ---->>The earls see the kings.
b) Álfrinn á knífa. ---->>The elf owns/has (some) knives
c) Úlfar heita ok vargar. ---->>The wolves (úlfar) are also called the wolves (vargar)
d) Baugana sjá menninir. ---->> The men see the rings.
e) Hrafnarnir deyja. ---->> The ravens die.

1.2 Translate the phrases into Old Norse

a) The raven sees a hawk. ---->> Hrafninn sér hauk. Hauk sér hrafninn. Sér hauk hrafninn.
b) The king hates thieves. ---->> Konungarnir hata þjófa. Þjófa hata konungarnir. Hata þjófa konungarnir.
c) A viking is called Erlingr. ---->> Víkingr heitir Erlingr. Erlingr heitir víkingr. Heitir Erlingr víkingr.
d) The earls are called Erlingr and Eiríkr. ---->> Jarlarnir heita Erlingr ok Eiríkr. Erlingr ok Eiríkr heita jarlarnir. Heita Erlingr ok Eiríkr jarlarnir.
e) You (pl.) are coming. ---->> Þér kømið. Kømið þér.

1.3 Translate the text into English

Norðmenn hafa konung; hann heitir Óláfr. Maðr heitir Eiríkr; hann er jarl ok víkingr. Óláf hatar Eiríkr. Óláfr á bát. Hann heitir Ormr. Nú sér Eiríkr bátinn. Segir hann: "Hér er bátrinn, er Óláfr á." Eiríkr hatar Óláf en hann tekr eigi bátinn, er Óláfr á. Hann bíðr. Óláfr kømr. Eiríkr segir: "Nú deyr þú, Óláfr konungr! Ek veg þik!" ok vegr Óláf. Óláfr segir "Þú vegr mik! Ek dey! Á! Á! "

---->> Norwegian have a King; he is called Óláf. A man is called Eirík; he is an earl and a viking. Eirík hates Óláf. Óláf owns a boat. It's called Orm. Now Eirík sees the boat. He says : " Here is the boat, which Óláf owns." Eirík hates Óláf but he doesn't take the boat, that Óláf owns. He waits. Óláf comes. Eirík says:" Now you die, Óláf the King! " I'm here to kill you !" and he kills Óláf. Óláf says:" You kill me, you die! ahh! ahh!" (The tense is really weird, I don't think this should be translated into simple present.... )
1.4 Translate the text into Old Norse

A man is called Eiríkr. He owns (some) helmets, (some) boats and a spear. He is a viking. He kills people and takes boats. But Eiríkr is not a thief. Thieves don't kill. Now Eiríkr sees Óláfr and the Serpent. He kills Óláfr and takes the Serpent.

---->> Maðr heitir Eiríkr. Hann á hjálma, báta ok brand. Hann er víkingr. Hann vegr menn ok tekr báta. En er eigi Eiríkr þjóf. Þjófar vega eigi. Nú sér Óláf ok Orm Eiríkr. Hann vegr Óláf ok tekr Orminn.
("Hann vegr menn". In this case, both "hann" and "menn" can be in nominative case as well as accusative, the verb "vegr" tells which is the subject, for "vegr" is in 3rd person singular conjugation, which means the "hann" is the subject. )
1.5 Translate the play into English

[Óláfr bíðr.] ---->> [Óláfr is waiting.]
Óláfr: Ek sé mann! ---->> Óláfr: I see a man!
[maðr kømr] ---->>[A man is coming]
Maðr: Heill Óláfr konungr! Ek heiti Eiríkr ok ek em Íslendingr. ---->> A man: Long live Óláfr the King! I'm called Eiríkr and am an Icelander.
Óláfr: Heill Eiríkr! ---->> Óláfr: Hello, Eiríkr.
Eiríkr: Hvárt sér þú orminn þar, konungr? ---->> Eiríkr: Do you see the serpent there, King?
Óláfr: Eigi sé ek orm. ---->> Óláfr: I don't see a serpent.
Eiríkr: En hann er hér! ---->> Eiríkr: But it is here!
[nú sér Óláfr orminn] ---->> [Óláfr sees the serpent now]
Óláfr: Ormr! Ek sé orm! ---->> Óláfr: A serpent! I see a serpent!
Ormr: Óláfr! Ek sé Óláf! ---->> A serpent: Óláfr! I see Óláf!
Eiríkr: Segir ormrinn "Óláfr"? ---->> Eiríkr: Is the serpent saying "Óláfr"?
Ormr: Nei. Ormar mæla eigi. ---->> A serpent: No, serpents don't talk.
[Óláfr ok Eiríkr flýja] ---->> [Óláfr and Eiríkr are fleeing]

1.6 Translate the play into English

[Eiríkr, þjófr ok víkingr, sér Orm, bát er Óláfr á] ---->> [Eiríkr, a thief and a viking víkingr, sees Orm, a boat that Óláfr owns]
Eiríkr: "Þar er bátr!" ---->> Eiríkr: "There is a boat!"
[Haukr, Íslendingr, mælir] ---->> [Haukr, an Icelander, talking]
Haukr: "Óláfr á bátinn." ---->> Haukr: "Óláfr owns the boat."
[Óláfr kømr] ---->> [Óláfr is coming]
Óláfr: "Menn sé ek!" ---->> Óláfr: "I see (some) men!"
Eiríkr ok Haukr: "Vit erum hér." ---->> Eiríkr and Haukr : "We two are here."
Óláfr: "Hvárt takið þit bátinn?" ---->> Óláfr: "Do you two take the boat? "
Eiríkr ok Haukr: "Vit tökum hann eigi." ---->> Eiríkr and Haukr : "We don't take it."
Óláfr: "Ormr heitir bátrinn. Ek á Orm" ---->> Óláfr: "The boat is called Ormr. I own Ormr"
[Eiríkr ok Haukr kalla] ---->> [Eiríkr and Haukr cry ]
E & H: "Úlfr! Úlfr! Þar er úlfr!" ---->> E & H: "A wolf! a wolf! There is a wolf!"
Óláfr: "Úlfr? Ek hata úlfa!" ---->> Óláfr: "A wolf? I hate wolves!"
[Úlfr, Norðmaðr ok þjófr, kømr] ---->> [Úlfr, a Norwegian and a thief, is coming]
Óláfr: "Ek sé eigi úlf. Hvárt er hér úlfr?" ---->> Óláfr: "I don't see a wolf. Is here a wolf ?"
Úlfr: "Hér em ek, Óláfr konungr." ---->> Úlfr: "Here I am, Óláfr the King."
[Eiríkr, Haukr ok Úlfr taka bátinn ok flýja] ---->> [Eiríkr, Haukr and Úlfr take the boat and flee]
Óláfr: "Þjófar! Ek hata þjófa!" ---->> Óláfr: " Thieves! I hate Thieves!"
E, H & Ú: "Vér erum víkingar, vér höfum bát er heitir Ormr!" ---->> E, H & Ú: "We are vikings, we have a boat which is called Ormr!"

2. Looking at real texts

2.1 Half a stanza by Snorri Sturluson

" Drífr handar hlekkr
þar er hilmir drekkr.
Mjök er brögnum bekkr
blíðskálar þekkr. "

Words have an English cognate: drífr, handar, hlekkr, drekkr, mjök, bekkr, blíðskálar, þekkr.
Word don't have an English cognate: hilmir, brögnum, blíðskálar.
Poetic paraphrase: handar hlekkr, hilmir.

1) English doesn't have r as a grammatical ending, out it goes:

2) The cluster 'nk' was frequently assimilated to 'kk' in Old Norse; English dropped all h's in front of consonants; The "þ" and "ð" were cognated to English cluster "th", maybe we need to reverse such changes, and drop the accent marks:

3) One of the main characters of Germanic languages is the vowel shifts among rigions, during cuntries:

4) Let's use a little imagination, and a lot dictoraries^^

--------------------1----------------2---------------3--------------4------
drífr ----------> dríf -----------> drif------------> ___--------> drift
handar -------> hands -------> ___ -----------> ___--------> hands
hlekkr --------> hlekk --------> lenk ----------> link--------> link
mjök ---------->___ -----------> mjok----------> ___--------> much
drekkr --------> drekk -------> drenk--------> drink ------> drink
bekkr ---------> bekk ---------> benk----------> ___---------> bench
blíðskálar ---> blíðskáls ---> blithskals ---> ___--------> blithshells
þekkr ---------> þekk ---------> thenk---------> thank------> thank
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Now, considering not the poetic thing, these two lines can be roughly translated into:

"Drífr handar hlekkr þar er hilmir drekkr."
Drift link of hands there er hilmir drinks.
"Mjök er brögnum bekkr blíðskálar þekkr."
Much er the bench of the blitheshells thank brögnum.

Now, let's deal with poetry and the strange words:

handar hlekkr---->link of hands, poetically meaning "gold" Norse court poetry. And the "drift" here meaning "snows".
Relating to "hjálmr", "hilmir" means "king", for it refers to the fact that kings tend to bear helmets back to Old Norse days.
brögnum: "-num" ending indicating dative case in Old Norse and modern Icelandic, in these two sentences:"It's good for me." and "you eat with me", the "me" is of dative case in both sentences. and the umlaut "ö" indicating the original noun should have an "a" in the place of "ö", then we got it: This "brögnum" is actually the "bragr" in dative case. Bragr in Old Norse is congnated to "brego" in Old English, which poetically meaning "lord, ruler, prince, etc.", considering the poetic air here, we could say "bragr" means "blessed drinking men" . So, brögnum----> for (noble) men.
The "blíðskálar" (blitheshells) here means the container of wine. Modern Scandinavians can often be heard shouting this word. Skál! Skål! Toast!
"Thank" here don't emphasis "thankful", but "feeling good".

Have all of the words we need, now we know what are the two "er" meaning in these lines(is or that?). Here we get the full lines in English :

"Drífr handar hlekkr þar er hilmir drekkr."
(The) Gold (link of hands) snows (drifts) where that (the) king drinks.
"Mjök er brögnum bekkr blíðskálar þekkr."
The bench of blitheshells is much feeling good for (noble) men.

Seems this stanza is devoting to praise the alcoholism in the King's court. lol²²²

2.2 Two half-strophes from the Sigdrífumál

Heill Dagr!
Heilir Dags synir!
Heil Nótt ok nipt!"

Heilir Æsir!
Heilar Ásynjur!
Heil sjá in fjölnýta fold!"
-----------------------------------------------------------
"Hail, Day!
Hail, Day's sons!
Hail, Night and [her] sister!"

"Hail, Æsir (gods)!
Hail, Ásynjur (goddesses)!
Hail, bountiful earth!"

Old Norse Homework 1.

2008-11-02T23:51:00.000-08:00

1.Exercises

1.1 Mark the pronouns' cases (optional)

In the following bible quotes there are many pronouns. Locate them and find out what case they're in. Also note the reason they are in that case.

a) I1 am he2 that liveth.
---->>I1: nominative
---->>he2: nominative
The verb "be" here serves as a equal mark "=", not meaning "do stuff", what follows the verb "be" is called complement, and if the complement is a noun, it will be in nominative case. So, "I" and "he" are all in nominative case.
b) Take now thy son whom1 thou lovest and offer him2 there for a burnt offering.
---->>whom1: accusative
---->>him2: accusative
"whom" is the direct object of the verb"love", and "him" is the direct object of "offer", they are all the words that stuff being done to. That's why they are both into accusative case.
c) And when she1 had brought them2 unto him3 to eat, he4 took hold of her5, and said unto her6: "Come lie with me7, my sister".
---->>she1: nominative (she is the word that is doing stuff, is the subject, nom.)
---->>them2: accusative (them is the word stuff is done to [bring], is the object, acc.)
---->>him3: accusative (Words follow a preprosition take the object, i.e. accusative.)
---->>he4: nominative(subject)
---->>her5: accusative (follows a preprosition, and is the word being taken hold of. acc.)
---->>her6: accusative(preprositional, object)
---->>me: accusative(preprositional, object)
d) Him that dieth of Baasha in the city shall the dogs eat.
---->>Him: "shall the dogs eat him", see... accusitive.
e) Judah, thou1 art he2 whom3 thy brethren shall praise.
---->>thou1: nominative. (subject)
---->>he2: nominative. (complement)
---->>whom3: accusative("praise whom", object )

1.2 Translate the phrases into English.

a) Dvergrinn á baug. ---->>The dwarf owns a ring.
b) Hjálm á Haukr. ---->>Hauk owns a helmet.
c) Álfrinn sér draug. ---->>The elf sees a ghost.
d) Hann er konungrinn. ---->>He is the king.
e) Hann sér dverginn. ---->>He sees the dwarf.

1.3 Translate the phrases into Old Norse

a) The ghost kills the king. ---->>Draugrinn vegr konunginn. Konunginn vegr draugrinn. Vegr konunginn draugrinn.
b) The elf kills a wolf. ---->>Álfrinn vegr úlf. Úlf vegr Álfrinn. Vegr úlf álfrinn.
c) The king sees a hawk. ---->>Konungrinn sér hauk. Hauk sér konungrinn. Sér hauk konungrinn.
d) Óláfr is a king. ---->>Óláfr er konungr. Konungr er Óláfr. Er konungr Óláfr.
e) A king is named Óláfr. ---->>Konungr heitir Óláfr. Óláfr heitir konungr. Heitir Óláfr konungr.

1.4 Translate the text into English

Óláfr heitir konungr. Hann á brand. Heitir brandrinn Tyrfingr. Úlf sér Óláfr ok segir: "Hér er úlfr!". Óláfr tekr brandinn ok vegr úlfinn. En hér er ok ormr. Óláfr sér hann eigi. Óláf vegr ormrinn.

---->>A king is called Óláf. He owns a sword. The sword is called Tyrfing. Óláf sees a wolf and says: "Here is a wolf!". Óláf takes the sword and kills the wolf. But here is also a serpent. Óláf doesn't see him. Óláf is killed by the serpent(or: the serpent kills Óláf).
1.5 Translate the text into Old Norse

A king is called Sigurðr. He owns a sword but not a horse. Óláfr is also a king. He owns a horse. Sigurðr kills Óláfr and takes the horse.

---->>Sigurðr heitir konungr. Hann á brand en á hest eigi. Óláfr er ok konungr. Á hann hest. Sigurðr vegr Óláf ok tekr hestinn.

2. Looking at real texts

2.1 A few words from the Snorra-Edda

" En er Jörmunrekkr konungr sá haukinn... "
But when king Jörmunrekkr saw the hawk...

---->>"er" in Old Norse is used as "that"(when, which, what, who...) in English. In Norse, titles usually follow the name they refer to.

2.2 Two lines from the Völuspá
In Völuspá (The Prophecy of the Seeress) the seeress says:

" Ask veit ek standa.
Heitir Yggdrasill. "

--------------------------------------------------

I know an ash tree to stand.
It is called Yggdrasill.

askr----------- ash tree
veit ek-------- I know
standa-------- (to) stand

3. Comparaison: Old Norse and Mordern Icelandic

3.1. Personal Pronoun:

Old Norse

Nominative case: ek ----- þú ----- hann ----- hon ----- þat
Accusative case: mik ---- þik ---- hann ----- hana ---- þat

Icelandic

Nominative case: eg ----- þú ----- hann ----- hún ----- það
Accusative case: mig ---- þig ---- hann ----- hana ---- það

K---->G ; T---->Ð

---->>These are actually two of the most important changes in the evolution of Old Icelandic (a branch of Old Norse, which perserved the most interesting literature among all, thus is treated as the 'standard' Old Norse nowadays) into Modern Icelandic. The consonant "k" was softened into "g", and the "t", into "ð" after the 13th century.

3.2. vocabulary:

ON--------------Icelandic-----------English----------------Chinese
álfr---------------- alfur-------------------- elf------------------------- 精灵
baugr------------ baugur----------------- ring ------------------------指环
brandr---------- brandur---------------- sword------------------------ 剑
dvergr----------- dvergur---------------- dwarf----------------------- 矮人
draugr---------- draugur----------------- ghost---------------------- 鬼魂
hestr------------- hestur------------------ horse------------------------ 马
haukr------------ haukur----------------- hawk------------------------ 鹰
hjálmr----------- hjálmur--------------- helmet---------------------- 盔甲
konungr-------- konungur---------------- king------------------------ 王
knífr-------------- hnífur------------------ knife------------------------ 刀
ormr------------- ormur-------------- worm, serpent----------------- 蛇
úlfr---------------- úlfur-------------------- wolf------------------------ 狼

---->>These are all strong masculine nouns, in Old Norse ending -r, in Icelandic, -ur. The only exception is the "hnífur"(knife), which involving the consonant "k", in this case, it is changed into "h" in modern Icelandic.

Subjonctif 7.

2008-11-02T23:13:00.000-08:00

1. Superlatives

A superlative is an expression of totality or uniqueness that, in English, is usually expressed with the ending -est and some other words. For example, words such as "greatest", "best", "only" are examples of superlatives.When these equivalents in French are followed by QUE, they are normally followed by a clause in the subjunctive:

Voilà la plus belle femme que j'aie jammais vue. ----> There is the most beautiful woman I have ever seen.
La seule voiture bleue que nous puissions conduire se trouve là bas. ----> The only bleu car that we can drive is located there.
C'est la seule résponse qu'il sait. (i.e. a statement of fact) ----> This is the only responde that he know.
C'est la meilleure résponse que je puisse imaginer. (i.e. a statement of opinion.) ----> This is the best response that I could imagine.

2. Concessive statements

The phrases où que wherever, quoi que whatever, qui que whoever, quel que whichever, and si + adjective + que however, are followed by the subjunctive:

Où que j'aille dans la vie, je me souviendrai de votre gentillesse. ----> Wherever I go in life, I will remember your kindness.
Quoi que tu fasses, ne dis rien à mon petit ami! ----> Whatever you do, don't tell my boyfriend!
Si idiot que ce soit, rends-moi ce service. ----> However idiotic it may be, do me this favor.

3. Set Expressions and commands

Certain set expressions are conjugated in the subjunctive:

Ainsi soit-il! ----> So be it!
Vive le roi! ----> Long live the king!
Advienne que pourra! ----> Come what may!

A sentence beginning with Que... followed by the subjunctive denotes a command or an exhortation:

Qu'il parte tout de suite! ----> Let him leave immediately!
Qu'on me dise la vérité! ----> Let someone tell me the truth!

Subjonctif 6.

2008-11-02T22:56:00.001-08:00

Indefinite Antecedents

Probably the most interesting use of the subjunctive in French is in the case of an indefinite antecedent. This is one og the few times that subjunctive can exite in a sentence without the word QUE.
An indefinite antecedent exists when the object talked about, or referenced in the main clause is nonexistant or its existance is in doubt. This case comes about usually when talking about a search for something or someone with certain qualities. Here are a few examples:

Nous cherchons quelqu'un qui puisse travailler indepéndament. ---->We are looking for someone who could work indepenfently.

Remember: The main point of the subjunctive here is to indicate doubt or uncertainty about the existence of the person who can work independently. That person has not yet been located.

Il ne connaît personne qui veuille venir à la fête. ---->He doesn't know anyone who would want to come to the party.

In this exsample, there is no one who wants to come to the party. Since such a person is nonexistent, the subjunctive is used. However, if there is someone who wants to go to the party, the subjunctive is not used:

Il connaît quelqu'un qui veuille venir à la fête. ---->He knows someone who wants to come to the party.

the main point here is that the person talked about does not exist and is not theoretical. In such a case, use the indicative.

Il n'y a rien du tout dans cette situation qui soit compréhensible. ----> There is nothing at all about this situation that is understandable.

Subjonctif 5.

2008-11-02T21:05:00.000-08:00

Conjunctions requiring the subjunctive

There are many conjunctions in French that require the subjunctive following them. It is very difficult to know which conjunctions require the subjunctive and which don't. Memorization is about the only sure way to get it right. Unfortunately, it would be impossible to reproduce an exhaustive list, but here are some of the most important:
à condition que provide that

Je t'accompagnerai à condition que tu me paies le voyage. ---->I'll go with you provide that you pay for my trip.

afin que so that

Téléphone à tes parents, afin qu'ils sachent où nous sommes. ---->Call your parents; so they know where we are.

à moin que unless

Il ne survivra pas à moin que les meilleurs médecins (ne) le soignent. ---->He will not survive unless the best doctors treat him.

Agian, we find the pleonastic ne following this conjunction. Remember that it has no negative meaning and is not obligatory.

avant que before

Nous ne paitirons pas pour la Floride avant que mon père (ne) sache où nous allons. ---->We will not leave for Florida before my father knows where we are going.

The "ne" in parentheses is referred to as the pleonastic ne. It has no negative meaning and is only used in writing following a few conjunctions and expressions of fear. Its use is no longer manditory and it is being used less and less, even in formal writing.
jusqu'à ce que untill

Tu ne peux pas recevoir ton diplôme jusqu'à ce que tu finisses tes cours. ---->You cannot receive your diploma until you finish your classes.
pour que so that, in order that
La ville a établi des limites de vitesse pour que les conducteurs ne conduisent pas trop vite. ---->The city established speed limit so that drivers would not drive too fast.
pourvu que provide that
Maudis-moi, pourvu que j'entende ta voix! (Flaubert) ---->Curse me, provide that I (can) hear your voice!
quoique although
J'ai bien aimé ce film, quoiqu'il soit un peu long. ---->I really liked this film, although it was a bit long.

sans que without

Il a fini le travail sans que son voisin (ne) s'en rende compte. ---->He finished the work without his neighbor realizing it.

The pleonasic ne can also be used with this conjunction.

However, if there is no change of subject between the two parts of the sentence, an infinitive construction is preferred, in which case certain conjunctions take on a perpositional form(pour, afin de, à condition de ,de peur de sans); a few conjunctions (quoique, pourvu que) have no prepersitional form, and their form remains the same when used with a repeated subject. So,

Je vais leur téléphoner afin de commander une pizza. ---->I'm going to call them to order a pizza.
Tu pourras venir à condition de faire tous les préparatifs nécessaires. ---->You can come as long as you do all the necessary preparation.

BUT:

Tu pourras réussir à cet examen pourvu que tu étudies! ---->You can pass this test as long as you study!

Subjonctif 4.

2008-11-02T20:50:00.000-08:00

Expressions of fear

In French, there are two princible expressions used for fear. Both of these expressions, when followed by que require the subjunctive and, when desired, the pleonastic "ne". The are avoir peur, de peur que and craindre.

avoir peur que to be afraid that; to fear that

Le chat a peur que le chien (ne) le morde. ---->>The cat is afraid that the dog will bite it.

de peur que for fear that

Elle se tenait immobile, de peur que la moindre émotion ne la fit vomir (Flaubert) ---->She rested immobile for fear that the least emotion would make her vomit.

craindre que to fear that; to be afraid that

Je craindre que ma fiancée (n')ait une panne de voiture. ---->I am afraid that my fiancee is having car problems.

Subjonctif 3.

2008-11-02T19:09:00.000-08:00

Expressions of desirability and insistance

Most expressions of desirability or insistance in French, whether personal or impersonal require the subjunctive. Most of these expressions require the subjunctive even if the expression is the negative. For instance, "I desire that you come" and "I don't desire that you come" would both require the subjunctive in French. Here are some of these expressions:

il (n')est (pas) bon que it is (not) good that

Il n'est pas bon que nous dormions pendant toute la journée. ---->It is not good that we sleep the whole day.

(ne pas) vouloir que (not) to want that

Note: This structure in French often causes many problems for introductory students because it is very dissimilar to English. In English we can say, "I want you to go to the store" which means "I desire that you go to the the store." In French, it is impossible to use "want" in this way. To translate a sentence like that into French, one must say, "I want that you go to the store." And, such a structure requires the subjunctive. Note the examples below:

Ma mère veut que je fasse mes devoirs. ---->My mother wants me to do my homework. (literally)My mother wants that I do my homework.
Nos amis et moi, nous ne voulons pas que le ciel tombe. ---->My friends and I, we don't what the sky to fall. (literally) My friends and I, we don't want that the sky falls.

Note: Just remember that when you are talking about something you want to do, you can simply avoid the subjunctive:

Je veux aller à l'école is the same as Je veux que j'aille à l'école.

As long as the person(s) that are wanting are the same person(s) who are doing, just the vouloir + the infinitive. it is only when the person(s) wanting and the the person(s) doing are defferent that the subjunctive is required:

Nous voulons faire du ski. ---->We want to skiing

The person wanting (we), and the person doing the skiing (we) are the same. Thus, use vouloir + infinitive.

Nous voulons que notre ami fasse du ski. ---->We want our friends to go skiing.

Here, the persons wanting and the person doing the skiing (our friend) are different, thus, use the contructure vouloir que followed by the subordinate clause in the subjunctive.

(ne pas) aimer que (not) to like that

J'aime qu'il ne pleuve pas. ----> I like that it's not raining.
Vous n'aimez pas que votre ennemi vienne ce soir. ---->You don't like that your enemy is coming this evening.

(ne pas) désirer que (not) to desire that

Le président de la République désire que l'éléctorat le choisisse. ----> The president of the Republic desire that the electorate choose him.

il (n')est (pas) préférable que it is (not) preferable that

Il n'est pas préférable que l'étudiant rate le cours. ---->It is not preferable that the student fail the classe.

préférer que to prefer that

Je préfère que tu n'éternues pas. ---->I prefer that you not sneeze.

(ne pas) insister que (not) insist that

Le prefesseur n'insiste pas que nous rendions le devoir aujourd'hui. ---->The professor doesn't insist that we hand in the homework today.

Note: The verb rendre to give back, render is translated in this case as to hand in. In some cases, it can also mean to vomit.

tenir à ce que to insist that

Vous tenez à ce que le travail soit bien fait. ---->You insist that the work be done well.

Note: tenir à ce que is an entire expression, It is not correct to say tenir que.

exiger que to require that

Mes camarades de chambre exigent que je paie le loyer. ---->My roommates require that I pay the rent.

Note: exiger can also be used in the impersonal expression il est exigé que it is required that.

Il est exigé que l'on stationne la voiture ailleurs. ---->It is required that people park their cars elsewhere.

Subjonctif 2.

2008-10-27T01:33:00.000-07:00

Impersonal expressions of necessity

In French, impersonal expressions of necessity require the subjunctive in the subordinate clause. In English, an example of an impersonal expression of necessity would be:" It is essential that he finish the work." The subject of the main clause is "it" . However, "it" doesn't refer to any person, place, thing or concept; it has no antecedent. That is why the expression "it is essential" is considered impersonal. The rule is the same for the French equivalent "il est essential". Some common expressions of necessity include:
il faut que it is necessary that

Il faut que ma voiture soit réparée avant de partir. ---->It is necessary that my car be repared before leaving.

Note: The negative "il ne faut pas que..." does not simply mean "it is not necessary that ..." The statement:

Il ne faut pas que ma voiture soit réparée avant de partir. ---->Means: My car may not be repaired before leaving.

Therefore, if someone tells you:

Il ne faut pas que vous sortiez.

He is NOT saying : It isn't necessary that you go out. He means : It is necessary that you not go out. In other words, he is not offering a choice.

il est nécessaire que it is necessary that

Il est nécessaire que le défilé commence à l'heure. ---->It is necessary that the parade start on time.

Note: commence is in the subjunctive mood, however, it's form is the same as the present indicative.

il est essential que it is essential that

Il est essential que mon collègue et moi finissions ce projet de chimie. ---->It is essential that my colleague and I finish this chemistry project.

il est important que it is important that

Il est important que vous votiez pour le meilleur candidat. ---->It is important that you vote for the better candidate.

Subjonctif 1.

2008-10-26T20:28:00.000-07:00

Expressions of doubt

The subjunctive is used normally in a subordinate clause (in other words, after the word "que" or some other conjunctions) where the preceding main clause requires the subjunctive. Like in English, French requires the subjunctive where the main clause expresses some doubt, wishing or emotion.

douter que to doubt that

Je doute que vous fassiez vos devois. ---->I boubt that you are doing your homework,

[fassiez is the present subjunctive form of faire.(subjonctif présent)]

il est douteux que it is doubtful that

Il est douteux que vous arriviez à l'heure. ---->It's doubtful that we will arrive on time.

Note: there isn't a future subjunctive in French, it uses the present to refer to the future.

nul doute que no doubt that

Nul doute que vous puissiez faire la différence. ---->No doubt that you could make the difference.

ne pas croire que to not believe that

Nous ne croyons pas que le monde soit rond. ---->We do not believe that the world is round.

[soit, the present subjunctive form of "être"]

Note: the expression "croire que" does not require the subjunctive because no doubt is implied. Thus, we would say:

Nous croyons que le monde est rond. ---->We believe that the world is round

(il + v. que/ il + être + adj.que)

il semble que it seems that
il ne semble pas que it doesn't seem that

Il semble que l'école ne produise pas d'élèves intelligents. ---->It seems that the school isn't producing intelligent students.

Note: "it seem that" doesn't imply a lot of doubt in English, However, it implies some uncertainty and thus, in French, requiresthe subjunctive. The expression il me semble que (it seems to me that) does not require the subjunctive. Presumably, this is because there is less doubt. Thus:

Il me semble que l'école ne produit pas d'élèves intelligents. ---->It seems to me that the school isn't producing intelligent students.

il est (im)possible que it is (im)possible that

Il impossible que nous allions en vacances. ---->It is impossible that we may go on vacation.

il se peut que it is possible that

Il se peut que mes frère sachent faire la lessive. ---->It is possible that my brothers know how to do the laundry.

il ne paraît pas que it doesn't seem that

Il ne paraît pas que l'hiver parte bientôt. ---->It doesn't seem that winter will be leaving soon.

Note: Because there is no future subjunctive, the present subjunctive serves to indicate the future meaning.

il est faux que it is false that

Il est faux que l'Indiana soit au bord de l'océan. ---->It is false that Indiana is next to the ocean.

il est incrayable que it is unbelievable that

Il est incroyable que cet animal puisse parler. ---->It is unbelievable that this animal can talk.

Greek alphabet / Αλφάβητος

2008-10-23T03:48:00.000-07:00

Greek has been spoken in the Balkan Peninsula since the 2nd millennium BC. The earliest written evidence is found in the Linear B tablets in the "Room of the Chariot Tablets", a LMII-context (c. 1400 BC) region of Knossos, in Crete, making Greek one of the world's oldest recorded living languages. Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest attestation is matched only by Vedic Sanskrit and the extinct Anatolian languages.

The later Greek alphabet is unrelated to Linear B, and is derived from the Phoenician alphabet (abjad); with minor modifications, it is still used today.

(I think Phoenician alphabet looks much like Rune....well, I want to know, whether the phonetic tendency of those writing systems of Indu-Euro languages have an explaination, geographically or climatically or way of living. why they changed into using the phonetic symbols to represent sounds, other than drawing pictures as pre-history people do, or what makes the Chinese language have been using the logography till now?)

Mycenaean Greek: the language of the Mycenaean civilization. It is recorded in the Linear B script on tablets dating from the 15th or 14th century BC onwards.

(Linear A and B were found on small clay tablets, the same as the beautiful patterns found on Indus tablets and seals. It seems impossible for us to uncode them. )

Classical Greek (also known as Ancient Greek): In its various dialects was the language of the Archaic and Classical periods of Greek civilization. It was widely known throughout the Roman empire. Classical Greek fell into disuse in western Europe in the Middle Ages, but remained officially in use in the Byzantine world, and was reintroduced to the rest of Europe with the Fall of Constantinople and Greek migration to the areas of Italy.

(I have problem in concentrating when Roman is involved...too many strange words..T__T. well, this part of history is very crucial for the modern western civilization. Seeds were planted, heros were buried, HIM was about to come, and the rest was about to be forgotten.)

Hellenistic Greek (also known as Koine Greek): The fusion of various ancient Greek dialects with Attic (the dialect of Athens) resulted in the creation of the first common Greek dialect, which became a lingua franca across the Mediterranean region. Koine Greek can be initially traced within the armies and conquered territories of Alexander the Great, but after the Hellenistic colonization of the known world, it was spoken from Egypt to the fringes of India. After the Roman conquest of Greece, an unofficial diglossy of Greek and Latin was established in the city of Rome and Koine Greek became a first or second language in the Roman Empire. The origin of Christianity can also be traced through Koine Greek, as the Apostles used it to preach in Greece and the Greek-speaking world. It is also known as the Alexandrian dialect, Post-Classical Greek or even New Testament.

(Alexandrian age was a facinating one, if there be glory upon gory lands. Comparing with him, Napoleon is not poetic enough, and May flower is not heroic enough...)

Medieval Greek: Also known as Byzantine Greek. The continuation of Hellenistic Greek during medieval Greek history, up to the demise of the Byzantine Empire in the 15th century. "Medieval Greek" is a cover term for a whole continuum of different speech and writing styles, ranging from vernacular continuations of spoken Koine that were already approaching Modern Greek in many respects, to highly learned forms imitating classical Attic. Much of the written Greek that was used as the official language of the Byzantine Empire was an eclectic middle-ground variety based on the tradition of written Koine.

(Attic is a magic word, but Byzantine is too foreign to me.)

Modern Greek: Stemming from Medieval Greek, Modern Greek usages can be traced in the Byzantine period (as early as 11th century).

Derived alphabets
The Greek alphabet gave rise to various others:
1)The Latin alphabet, an offshoot of the archaic western form of the Greek alphabet;
2)The Gothic alphabet, devised in Late Antiquity to write the Gothic language;
3)The Glagolitic alphabet, devised in the Middle Ages for writing Slavic languages;

4)The Cyrillic alphabet, which replaced the Glagolitic alphabet shortly afterwards;

5)It is also considered a possible ancestor of the Armenian alphabet, and had an influence on the development of the Georgian alphabet.

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2008-10-23T02:23:00.000-07:00

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